Luna-PRO F manual
TO FIRST SECTION TO SECOND SECTION
SECTION III
Helpful Hints
111. a. Choosing Between Action Stopping Ability and Depth-of Field
After taking a light reading with your Luna-Pro F you will have a choice of readings to use which may look like this:
| Time: f/ |
1/1000 2 |
1/500 2.8 |
1/250 4 |
1/125 5.6 |
| Time: f/ |
1/60 8 |
1/30 11 |
1/15 16 |
1/8 22 |
All of them will give good exposures, but, in terms of photographic results, they are all slightly different.
When shooting action, you generally need a faster shutter speed to get a sharp photograph. Speeds from 1/125 to 1/1000 are generally used,
with the choice depending upon the relative speed and direction of travel of the object. Objects moving toward or away from you can be stopped with a
lower shutter speed than those moving across your field. To create a more realistic feeling of motion with objects moving across you field, use
a slower shutter speed and pan across the field. When panning, the relative speed between the subject and the camera is decreased while the
relative speed between the background and camera is increased. This results in the characteristic action shot with the main subject sharp and
the background blurred.
For shutter speeds of 1/60 second and longer, the use of a good tripod or other camera support is suggested to avoid camera shake and
blurred pictures.4www.butkus.org
When subject speed is not a major factor in your pictures, you may wish to choose a longer exposure time and stop down for maximum depth-of-field. This extra depth may be especially important when using long lenses because of their relatively shallow depth-of-field. However, with
long lenses, camera shake is accentuated so be careful to use a sturdy support.
Conversely, even when subject speed is not a major factor, you may still wish to choose a short
shutter speed and a larger lens opening to intentionally limit depth-of-field for selective focus. This is especially useful for eliminating the
distraction of cluttered backgrounds. Portraits lend themselves ideally to this technique.
11. b. Snow & Sand
|
When photographing with highly reflective surfaces such as snow and sand, extreme care should be used when using reflected readings. In most cases, an incident reading will produce superior results for normal subject in the scene, although the snow or sand may be overexposed. If reflected readings are desired, the main subject should be metered up close or a spot attachment used to minimize the effect of the reflected light, unless the snow or sand is itself the most important part of the scene. This is an ideal time to use scene brightness range measurements. |
111. c. Sunsets
 |
Sunsets can present a problem in light measurement because of brightness range. Sometimes, the sun itself is the most important part of the scene and at other times, light reflecting from clouds or distant mountains may be more important. |
You should first determine what part of the scene is most important. Using an incident reading under these conditions will generally give you
poor exposures with washed-out colors. Reflected readings are more accurate, but some compensation is still necessary for the sun or sky. When the
sun is present and most important, read the sun directly and use that exposure. If the sky and clouds are most important, read these areas,
being careful not to read direct sunlight. In all cases, if practical, bracket exposures on both sides of those indicated. You may get some very
striking results that are not apparent to the unaided eye.
111. d. Night Lighting
 |
Measurement of illumination levels at night presents several problems to good exposures. Generally, in outdoor scenes, the lighting is not as uniform as with daylight. Bright artificial lights can create multiple highlights and shadows, with a tremendously large brightness range. In addition, direct use of the meter readings will result in a picture that appears more like a daylight photo than one taken at night. |
Generally, night exposures get into the area of film reciprocity failure. It is therefore important to know
the characteristics of your film before shooting under these conditions.
After taking film reciprocity effects into account, decrease your indicated exposures by 1/2 to 1 stop to preserve the night appearance in your
scenes.
111. e. Backlighting
 |
When the main subject of interest is backlit, care should be exercised when taking reflected readings. Light from behind the subject entering directly into the measuring cell of the meter will produce reading errors. To avoid this, take your readings up close to the subject or use one of the spot attachments for more accuracy. An incident reading can also be used, with the meter pointed towards the camera. |
III. f. Copying
Copying places stringent demands on lighting to make sure that the detail and tonal range of the original is recorded on the copy. Lights are
usually placed to the sides of the copyboard to eliminate glare from the surface of the copy. Many people prefer to overlight the corners of the copy to
compensate for lens falloff. The exact amount of overlighting varies with the individual situation, but 15-20% is common.
For copy work, the Luna-Pro F can be used with the Copy Attachment for determining exposure and checking evenness of illumination.4www.butkus.org
III. g. Excessive Skylight
 |
When taking reflected readings of scenes where there are large areas of skylight, care should be exercised that the main subject be given the greatest attention either by tilting the meter down taking up-close measurement or by using one of the spot attachments. As an alternative, an incident reading may be used. |
III. h. Bellows [Extension] Factor
 |
When photographs are taken where the focus is at a point other than infinity, an exposure correction must be made. At most working distances, this correction factor is so small that it can be ignored. However, when working at very close distances, it becomes significant and can result in serious exposure errors if not corrected for. This exposure variance is commonly called extension factor or bellows factor. |
There are several ways to correct for this effect. Two of the most commonly used take into account
the lens focal length and the lens to film plane distance (bellows extension).
The first method gives you an extension factor which can be programmed into the exposure factor ring of the Luna-Pro F for direct readout of
corrected exposure values. The second method gives a corrected aperture only.
I. Extension Factor =
For example, assume a 210mm lens (approximately 8") is being used with a lens to film plane distance of 14".
= 3.06 or approximately 3
In this case, set the white index mark of the exposure factor ring opposite the number 3. Note that the exposure factor portion of the ring
(numbers in black) should be used, not the EV position. All readings will now be corrected for this extension factor.
II. Effective Aperture =
For example, assume the same conditions as in Example I with an indicated f/stop
of f/11
In this case, if the lens were set to f/8, the exposure level would be the same as if the lens were set to f/20, although, depth-of-field would
remain the same as for f/8. Using this method, each time a different f/stop is chosen, the same amount of correction must be recalculated into the exposure. The first method in conjunction with the exposure factor ring of the Luna-Pro F is much quicker
and more flexible because once the exposure factor is programmed, all subsequent readings are corrected for with additional calculations and
in terms of all values, not just f/stops.
Another way to determine extension factor is to measure the magnification of the object size at the film plane. This is especially useful when
working with large format cameras where measurement of the image on the ground glass is relatively easy.
To calculate the extension factor, measure both the actual object size and the size of the image on the ground glass. These two
measurements are used in the formula below.
For example, assume an object size of 2 inches and image size of 4 inches.
Setting 9 in the EF correction ring of the Luna-Pro F will give correct exposures for this condition.
Extension and filter factors can be eliminated from exposure reading by using the accessory fiber optics probe and reading on the
camera groundglass. Any changes due to these factors will automatically be sensed and compensated for by the meter.
SECTION IV
Accessories
All of these excellent features are only the beginning of the Luna-Pro F story. The wide range of instantly interchangeable accessories
set the LunaPro F distinctly apart from other light measuring instruments.
For direct reading with proper exposure values, make the following exposure corrections when using your Luna-Pro attachments with
your Luna-Pro F Exposure Meter.4www.butkus.org
Variable Angle Attachment
The EV+ section of the dial is used. When using the 15° position, set the index mark opposite + 1-1/3 EV. When using the 7.5°
position, set the index mark opposite + 3EV. Readings are then taken normally.
Repro [Copy] Attachment & Fiber Optics Probe:
Set the index mark opposite +3 EV on your exposure correction dial.
For complete instructions on how to use these and other attachments with your Luna-Pro F. write to Consumer Service Department,
Berkey Marketing Companies, 25-20 Brooklyn-Queens Expressway West, Woodside, New York 11377.
Enlarging Attachment
 |
The Enlarging Attachment will help eliminate guesswork in darkroom printing. It determines contrast range and correct exposure time by measuring the projected Image on your enlarger easel. After calibrations for paper speed, direct readings of aperture and expo sure times are possible, resulting in savings of time and material. |
Microscope Attachment
 |
The Microscope Attachment utilizes the Luna-Pro F measuring sensitivity for convenient and reliable exposure measurement when taking photomicrographs. The Microscope attachment fits the ocular tube of most microscopes for exact exposure determinations, and is useful in measuring light intensity for fluorescent microscopy. |
Fiber Optics Probe Attachment
 |
With the flexible Fiber Optics Probe Attachment on the Luna-Pro F. measurements can be made in many areas which are usually inaccessible with an exposure meter. It is especially suitable for macrophotography, ground glass measurements, density measurements on negatives or transparencies, and for luminous density measurements. |
Variable Angle Attachment
 |
The modestly priced Vari-Angle Attachment locks instantly into the Luna-Pro F and provides convenient selection of either 15° or 7.5° measuring angles. For reflected light readings, the normal measuring area corresponds to a light acceptance angle of 30°. A built-in reflex viewfinder showing the 15° and 7 5° measuring area permits accurate measurements for exposures with telephoto lenses and selective readings of various parts of the scene or subject when normal lenses are used. |
Repro [Copying] Attachment
 |
With the Repro Attachment on the Luna-Pro F. it is possible to obtain exposure values of flat copy such as paintings, documents, and photographic prints. The illumination on the copy board can be measured for evenness of various points on the material to be copied. It can also be reversed for measurements of light transmitted through slides or other translucent material being copied. |
SECTION V
Appendix -
Intermediate ASA and DIN Values
- Intermediate Footcandle Values -
Intermediate F/Stop Values
Your Gossen Luna Pro F is your valuable precision instrument, made
with great care and accurately calibrated. It deserves your good care!
The battery and zero position tests described on page 5 enable you to check the proper functioning of your Luna-Pro F. If meter is to be
stored for extended periods of time, remove the battery from the meter.
Measuring comparisons of your Luna-Pro F with similar or other types of exposure meters cannot be made properly without special laboratory
equipment (optical bench).
Do not attempt to open or repair your Luna-Pro F. Service information appears below.
Service
Should your Luna-Pro F require service, send the meter (directly or through an authorized dealer), in the original packing, if possible, prepaid
and insured to:
| Gossen Service Center Berkey Marketing Companies 25-20 Brooklyn Queens Expressway West Woodside, New York 11377-7893 |
Gossen Service Center Berkey Marketing Companies 1011 Chestnut Street Burbank, California 91506-9984 |
The above addresses may not be accurate. http://www.bogenphoto.com/
seems to be the current location.
A brief description of the reason for sending the meter should accompany the package.
Technical Specifications
| Photo Cell | Silicon Blue Cell |
| Angle of Coverage | 30 ° Reflected, 180 ° Incident |
| Sensitivity | 125 to 32,000 footcandles .016 to 4,000 footlamberts -3 to 15 EV at ISO (ASA) 25 28.8 lxs. to 7360 lxs. (Flash) |
| Power Source | 9 volt (Type M N 1604)4www.butkus.org |
| Dimensions | 43/4"x1 3/4-X23/4" |
| Weight | 8.4 oz. (with battery) |
| Scale Ranges: | |
| Cine | 4.5 to 144 fps |
| Exposure Values | -8 to 24 EV |
| Shutter Speeds | 1/4000 sec. to 8 hours |
| Apertures | f/0.7 to f/128 |
| Firm Speeds | ISO (ASA) 0.8 to 100,000/0 to 51 DIN |
Additional Reference Material
Eastman Kodak Co.
Kodak Publications
Rochester, New York 14650
KODAK Professional Photo Guide R-28
KODAK Professional Black and White Films, 2nd Ed. F-5
KODAK Color Films, 6th Ed. E-77
Sensitometric and Image Structure Data for KODAK Color Films E-78
Basic Photographic Sensitometry Workbook, 2-22-FD
Lens Extension Tables P-300
KODAK Plates and Films for Scientific Photography P-315
KODAK Filters for Scientific and Technical Uses, 1st Ed. B-3
Stroebel, Leslie, View Camera Technique; Hastings House Publishers, Inc.; New York, New York 10016
Zakia, Richard and Todd, Hollis; Photographic Sensitometry; Morgan and Morgan, Inc.; Dobbs Ferry,
New York 10522
Sturne, John, Handbook of Photography and Reprography Materials Processes and Systems; Seventh Edition,Van Nostrand Reinhold
Co.; New York, New York 10001
Stimson A., Photometry and Radiometry for Engineers, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.; New York, New York 1 0016
Dowdell, J. III and Zakia R., Zone Systemizer; Morgan and Morgan, Inc.; Dobbs Ferry, New York 1 0522
Saunders, Norman; Photographic Tone Control; Morgan and Morgan, Inc.; Dobbs Ferry, New York 1 0522
Davis Phil, Beyond the Zone System; Curtin & London, inc. and Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., New York, New York
