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CAMERA FUNCTIONS IN DETAIL
This chapter explains the camera functions and applications of the Yashica 230-AF in detail.

Display of Shutter Speed and Aperture

The display of shutter speed and aperture in the display panel and viewfinder will turn on in the following cases:

· When the Main Switch is turned on;
· When the Shutter Release is depressed halfway;
· When a mode Button (Focus Mode Button, Drive Mode Button etc.) is pressed. The display will appear for eight seconds, then automatically turn off to save battery. However, the shutter speed and aperture you have set will be stored in memory. The shutter speeds are displayed in 1/2-step increments from "2000" (1/2000 sec.) to "16"" (16 sec.), and the apertures In 1/2-step increments within the aperture range of the lens used. If the picture is taken with an intermediate value between neighboring 1/2 steps, the camera will display the exposure value that is most close to the value which is set. For example, if you are using an F1.8 lens, the camera will show "1.7" if you are using an F3.3 lens, it will show "3.5".
· In the manual-exposure and shutter-priority auto exposure modes the shutter speeds can be set in 1-step increments, and the apertures in 1/2-step increments. Intermediate setting is impossible.
· If the exposure mode is "PROGRAM", "Tv" or "Av", the lens' smallest-aperture value will blink when the subject is overexposed relative to the correct exposure measured by the camera; and the maximum-aperture value will blink if it is underexposed.



Using the Focus Lock

If you are taking auto-focus pictures and the subject you want to focus is not located in the center of the viewfinder, or if the subject is difficult to focus in the situations mentioned below, use the focus lock.4www.butkus.org 1. First, aim the Focusing Frame at your subject and focus. If the Shutter Release is depressed halfway, the lens will start focusing itself. As soon as it is focused on the subject, the green LED will turn on to tell you that focusing has been completed. 2. Lock the focus, recompose your picture and shoot. * If you are shooting in the "AF" mode, the focus will remain locked while the subject is in sharp focus and the Shutter Release is depressed halfway. * If you are shooting in the "CAF" mode, lock the focus by pressing the AF Lock Button when the subject is focused.  (The focus will remain locked as long as you keep your finger on the AF Lock Button.)

<Subjects That are Difficult to Focus> 

In the following cases, the auto-focus system will not function properly and the "Focusing Impossible" mark "=" will blink in the viewfinder. In such cases, focus the lens on another object located nearly the same distance as the subject, activate the focus lock and shoot. You can also focus the lens manually.  (1) When the subject is too bright or too dark;  (2) When the subject contrast is extremely low; (3) When there is a strong light source in or around the Focusing Frame; (4) When there are two or more subjects at extremely different distances in the Focusing Frame;  (5) When the subject has a uniform pattern such as vertical stripes (6) Fast moving subjects;  (7) When the subject has no concrete form, such as flame or smoke; (8) When the quantity of light from the subject is extremely reduced by an ND filter or polarizing filter.4www.butkus.org

Focusing Screen

< Focusing Frame and Spot Circle >   The Focusing Screen has a Focusing Frame for auto focusing and a Spot Circle for determining the metering range for spot metering. In addition to this standard focusing screen, three optional screens are available: matte screen for the Data Back, sectioned matte screen, and horizontal split-image/microprism collar screen. They are interchangeable depending on your purpose.

< Manual Focusing > You can focus the lens manually on the matte screen with the aid of the Front Mis-focus/Rear Mis-focus Mark in the viewfinder. While looking through the viewfinder, turn the Focusing Ring until the image on the matte screen appears sharp. It will look blurred if the subject is not in sharp focus. · If you are far- or near-sighted, use FL type Diopter Lenses (optional). Eight different lenses are available: - 5, -4, -3, -2,0, +1, +2,and +3diopters.

Program Control Diagram
This program control diagram shows the control range of shutter speeds and apertures relative to EV values in the programmed auto exposure mode. The program lines mark the available ranges for wide angle, normal and telephoto lenses, and these ranges are automatically set according to the focal length of the lens used. The camera automatically chooses the optimum combination of shutter speed and aperture within the respective program lines. However, you can also change the exposure within the range of the same EV value by shifting the program lines by up to +3 steps. If the correct exposure that is set by the camera is F4, 1/125 sec., and you want to shoot with a shutter speed of 1/60 sec., for example, shift the Operating Lever to the left by 2 steps. Thus, an exposure value of F5.6, 1/60 sec. will be displayed and you can take a correctly exposed picture with the same EV value.

· When the program is shifted, the program indicator will blink. After the picture is taken with the shifted program or after the Main Switch is set to LOCK, the camera will automatically reset the exposure value that was set before the program was shifted.

WIDE program line: For lenses with focal lengths shorter than 35 mm	NORMAL program line: For lenses with focal lengths of 35--85 mm

TELE program line: For lenses with focal lengths longer than 85 mm

· This diagram shows the automatic control range with an F1.8 lens. In the case of lenses with different F numbers, the control range becomes narrower as the lens speed decreases. The control range with an F2.8 lens, for example, is represented by the dotted line in the diagram.



Automatic Exposure Compensation in the Mode

If the camera cannot provide a correct aperture for the shutter speed you have set in the shutter-priority auto exposure mode, it will automatically choose again a shutter speed as close as possible to that which you have set so as to provide correct exposure. Therefore even if the shutter speed which is displayed when the Shutter Release is depressed halfway is different from that which you have set, you can go ahead and shoot if the smallest-aperture value or maximum-aperture value does not blink. Likewise, in the aperture-priority auto exposure mode, even if the displayed aperture is different from that which you have set, you can go ahead and shoot unless the smallest-aperture value or maximum-aperture value blinks.4www.butkus.org

Resetting the Mode

< Program Reset Button > 
If you press the Program Reset Button, the modes that are set and their display will reset to their initial settings as follows:

· Drive mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . · Focusing mode    Selector Lever at "AF" . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .    Selector Lever at '`MF" . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  · Exposure mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  · Exposure compensation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . · Audible electronic signal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Initial Setting: To "S" To "AF" To "MF" To "PROGRAM" ("P" is displayed in the viewfinder) To "0. 0" To " "

Bulb Exposure

If you are taking pictures of the sky at night or other subjects requiring long exposure times, use bulb exposure First, set the exposure mode to `'M'' and set the shutter speed to "bulb". As long as the Shutter Release is held depressed, the shutter will remain open to expose the subject. For bulb exposure, the camera must be fixed on a tripod or a solid base to prevent camera shake. The shutter is tripped with an optional cable switch connected to the camera. When the Shutter Release is depressed, the Exposure Counter shows "O" and, while the button is held depressed, it shows the exposure time in seconds. The counter will advance from "O" to "59" and, if the exposure time exceeds 60 seconds, it will return to "1" and count again. · You cannot use the self-timer and trap focus technique for bulb exposure.

Using the self-timer
If you are shooting group pictures or if you want to include yourself in a souvenir picture, use the self-timer.

1 Set the Self-timer Mode
While pressing the Drive Mode Button, operate the Operating Lever to show the mark " " in the display panel.

2 Focus the lens and depress the Shutter Release to start the self-timer. Always depress the Shutter Release after the lens is correctly focused. As soon as the self-timer has started, the self-timer LED will turn on and the shutter will trip after 10 seconds.

· While the self-timer is running, auto focusing in the "AF" or "CAF" mode is not possible.

· If you want to take self-timer pictures with the focus mode set to "AF" or "CAP", make sure the green LED in the viewfinder turns on by depressing the Shutter Release halfway' then operate the self-timer by depressing it all the way.

· To stop the self-timer after it has started, turn off the Main Switch.4www.butkus.org

· While the self-timer is running, an audible electronic signal will sound and the self-timer LED will illuminate in the following sequence:

When taking self-timer pictures in an auto-exposure mode, the extraneous light entering through the viewfinder eyepiece may adversely affect the exposure. Because this camera is designed to focus the lens and determine the exposure when the self-timer started, do not remove your eye from the eyepiece before the self-timer starts to prevent light from entering through it.

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